{"id":4633,"date":"2020-01-07T13:37:22","date_gmt":"2020-01-07T12:37:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/?p=4633"},"modified":"2021-03-20T13:42:56","modified_gmt":"2021-03-20T12:42:56","slug":"que-es-materia-prima-clasifica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las materias primas y c\u00f3mo se clasifican?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\r\n\t\r\n<\/a><\/div>

Las\u00a0materias primas\u00a0<\/strong>son la base de la evoluci\u00f3n y la transformaci\u00f3n social, no en vano estos productos naturales b\u00e1sicos extra\u00eddos directamente de la naturaleza son y han sido utilizados para su consumo directo o bien para su utilizaci\u00f3n en un proceso industrial.<\/p>\n

Usos que van desde la alimentaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s elemental hasta su modificaci\u00f3n para crear observatorios espaciales, por lo que seguimos necesitando estas materias primas que se vuelven cada vez m\u00e1s necesarias (y agotadas) cuantos m\u00e1s seres humanos hay.<\/p>\n

Definici\u00f3n de Materias primas o commodities<\/h2>\n

Castelo (2003) define estas materias primas<\/strong> o commodities<\/strong> como \u201ctodo bien que es producido en masa por el hombre o del cual existen enormes cantidades disponibles en la naturaleza, que tiene valor o utilidad y un muy bajo nivel de diferenciaci\u00f3n o especializaci\u00f3n<\/em>\u201d. As\u00ed los primeros mercados que surgieron al respecto se basaban en la comercializaci\u00f3n de alimentaci\u00f3n (trigo, carne\u2026) y de metales (hierro, oro\u2026).<\/p>\n

El mercado oficial m\u00e1s antiguo<\/strong> ser\u00e1 as\u00ed el Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)<\/strong>, fundado en 1848 como lugar de intercambio de productos b\u00e1sicos (trigo, ma\u00edz, ganado vivo\u2026) donde los oferentes iban reparti\u00e9ndose el mercado espaciando los productos y fijando precios v\u00eda oferta y demanda con sus proveedores.<\/p>\n

Aun as\u00ed, siendo estrictos, el m\u00e1s antiguo ser\u00eda la Bolsa de Metales de Londres<\/strong> (LME<\/strong>) aunque si bien sus origines se remontan a 1571 (cuando se trataba de fijar precios y transacciones para todo tipo de metales necesarios para una pronta industrializaci\u00f3n) no ser\u00eda hasta 1877 cuando se fund\u00f3 como tal siendo la base de la revoluci\u00f3n industrial.<\/p>\n

Actualmente, el mercado est\u00e1 muy descentralizado (habiendo decenas de mercados), si bien el poder de estos depende de los pa\u00edses productores, sus materias primas limitadas, los tiempos de producci\u00f3n estacionarios y sus vol\u00famenes.<\/p>\n

7 grupos para diferenciar las materias primas o commodities<\/h2>\n

Podemos diferenciar las materias primas o commodities en siete grandes grupos, donde encontramos (entre otros)<\/p>\n

Granos, alimento y fibra<\/h3>\n
    \n
  1. Ma\u00edz.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. Avena.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. Arroz.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. Soja.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. Colza.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  6. Harina de soja.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  7. Aceite de soja.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  8. Trigo.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  9. Leche.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  10. Cacao.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  11. Caf\u00e9.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  12. Algod\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  13. Az\u00facar.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  14. Zumo de naranja.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Ganado y carne<\/h3>\n
      \n
    1. Cerdo.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    2. Ganado vivo.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    3. Ganado para alimentaci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u00a0Energ\u00eda<\/h3>\n
        \n
      1. Aceite crudo WTI.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      2. Barril de Brent.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      3. Etanol<\/strong><\/li>\n
      4. Gas natural.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      5. Aceite de calefacci\u00f3n.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      6. Gasolina del Golfo.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      7. Gasolina RBOB.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      8. Propano.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      9. \u00c1cido teraft\u00e1lico.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Productos forestales<\/h3>\n
          \n
        1. Madera.<\/strong><\/li>\n
        2. Pulpa de madera dura.<\/strong><\/li>\n
        3. Pulpa de madera blanda.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00a0Metales<\/h3>\n

          Industriales<\/h4>\n
            \n
          • Cobre.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Zinc.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Esta\u00f1o.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Aluminio.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • N\u00edquel.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Cobalto.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Molibdeno.<\/strong><\/li>\n
          • Acero reciclado.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u00a0Preciosos<\/h4>\n
              \n
            • Oro.<\/strong><\/li>\n
            • Platino.<\/strong><\/li>\n
            • Plata.<\/strong><\/li>\n
            • Paladio.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

              Otras materias primas<\/h3>\n
                \n
              1. Lana<\/strong><\/li>\n
              2. Caucho<\/strong><\/li>\n
              3. \u00c1mbar.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Cada pa\u00eds adem\u00e1s podr\u00e1 tener sus materias primas espec\u00edficas<\/strong> y su mercado se regula en ellos de manera diferente<\/strong>, pudiendo verse afectados por los gobiernos, malas cosechas o modas en determinados productos.<\/p>\n

                Este mercado de compra\/venta ha evolucionado mucho en las \u00faltimas d\u00e9cadas donde su principal uso es mediante bolsas con contratos de futuros sobre estos bienes. Es decir, anticipando las compras a determinados vol\u00famenes o precios sin saber la producci\u00f3n final (por tanto, si haber una oferta previa).<\/p>\n

                Cambio que adem\u00e1s ha llevado a que los mercados de commodities sean m\u00e1s amplios y no s\u00f3lo materias primas, sino productos financieros como divisas, tasas de inter\u00e9s, \u00edndices burs\u00e1tiles o productos similares.<\/p>\n

                El interesante texto de Yag\u00fce Aguilar (2014)<\/strong> supone una excelente explicaci\u00f3n de los procesos internos, de los sistemas de fijaci\u00f3n de precios<\/strong>, de la participaci\u00f3n de los incoterms<\/strong> o los sistemas de cobertura.<\/strong> Un mercado que ha cambiado tanto que su uso ya no es s\u00f3lo como medio para obtener dichas materias primas, sino como bolsa especulativa para diversificar el riesgo de las carteras.<\/p>\n

                Enlace de inter\u00e9s:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                • Yag\u00fce Aguilar, P. (2014). \u201cEstudio de los commodities. El caso de los cereales.\u201d ICADE.<\/strong><\/li>\n
                • Castelo, M. (2003). Diccionario Comentado de T\u00e9rminos Financieros Ingleses de Uso Frecuente Espa\u00f1ol. A Coru\u00f1a: Netbiblo.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":4638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"kt_blocks_editor_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5498],"tags":[6553,4026,7016,7015,127],"class_list":["post-4633","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administracion-de-empresas-2","tag-ade","tag-administracion-de-empresas","tag-master-mba","tag-master-mba-fullt-ime","tag-mba"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u25b7\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las materias primas y c\u00f3mo se clasifican? • IMF<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Las materias primas son la base de la evoluci\u00f3n y la transformaci\u00f3n social. \u2713 Con\u00f3celas \u2736 Descubre c\u00f3mo se clasifican y sus tipos.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las materias primas y c\u00f3mo se clasifican?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Las materias primas son la base de la evoluci\u00f3n y la transformaci\u00f3n social. \u2713 Con\u00f3celas \u2736 Descubre c\u00f3mo se clasifican y sus tipos.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MBA \u2022 IMF Business School\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-01-07T12:37:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-03-20T12:42:56+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/materias-primas-commodities.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"660\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Manuel L\u00f3pez Mill\u00e1n\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Manuel L\u00f3pez Mill\u00e1n\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tiempo de lectura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Manuel L\u00f3pez Mill\u00e1n\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/#\/schema\/person\/82897542145343314c9ef7a5b8e45cca\"},\"headline\":\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las materias primas y c\u00f3mo se clasifican?\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-07T12:37:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-03-20T12:42:56+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\"},\"wordCount\":669,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/materias-primas-commodities.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"ADE\",\"administracion de empresas\",\"master mba\",\"master mba fullt ime\",\"mba\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Administraci\u00f3n de Empresas\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/blogs.imf-formacion.com\/blog\/mba\/que-es-materia-prima-clasifica\/\",\"name\":\"\u25b7\u00bfQu\u00e9 son las materias primas y c\u00f3mo se clasifican? 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